• Johannes Baptista van Helmont, the founder of pneumatic chemistry. • Francesco Grimaldi, who discovered the refraction of light. • Antionie van Leeuwenhoek, who first identified bacteria. • Neils Steno, the founder of modern geology. • John Dalton, the founder of modern atomic theory. • Louis Pasteur, the founder of physio-chemistry. • Samuel Morse, the inventor of the electric telegraph. • John Herschel, one of the greatest-ever astronomers. • Joseph Lister, who revolutionized antiseptic surgery.